high-stakes testing hurts

It had been quite a six months for our son.

His paternal grandfather had died twelve days before his ninth birthday in December; his maternal grandfather was hospitalized with misdiagnosed strokes in January; his father was diagnosed in February with congenital heart valve problems requiring valve replacement surgery (fewer than two decades after the first open heart surgery had been performed for that procedure), and, in April, on opening day Little League season, he himself had been attacked in the park by a father who mistook him for another child who had been harassing his son.

To say that our family was feeling stressed does not begin to describe our emotional state.

In another post, perhaps, I’ll share about the park incident, but in this post, suffice it to say that his classroom teacher, as well as his principal, corroborated that he had never had any contact at school with the child whose father attacked him.

Grateful for their support following the ongoing trauma, physical and emotional, that our son suffered, our continued need for his teacher’s support accelerated as his father’s surgery date approached.

Because his father and his teacher had known each other from shared volunteer community service projects, we were confident that she would continue being empathetic toward our son, as expressed to his father and me in a face-to-face conversation days before the surgery.

Enter testing–not my husband’s medical testing, but our son’s achievement testing.

Seems as if days after his father’s surgery, while I was juggling hospital visits and court hearings over the park attack, his teacher banished him to a lone desk in the hallway.

Reason? According to a classmate, later corroborated by other classmates, the teacher told him she did not want to see his face.

Why? The teacher (repeatedly) explained to our son in front of the class that he was not doing well on his math work. End of the year achievement tests were approaching, and since she had been awarded teacher of the year the preceding year, she was afraid that if he did not do well, the state would “take back her award.” (You can’t make this up!)

Sickening. Sick.

Frighteningly, we never even would have known, except that one upset student told his mother who immediately told me.

That incident preceded my own teaching incident relayed in the previous post. The incident I experienced as a teacher helped me to understand, in retrospect, as a parent, though certainly not to condone, how student testing has a deleterious effect on teacher empathy–explaining, but not justifying, how the teacher could have been so seemingly inconsiderate and cruel.

If you think high-stakes testing is potentially deleterious just for teachers’ careers, think again. It’s dangerous for children’s well-being! ..I know. I’ve lived it—from being on both sides of the desk.

Rather than high-stakes testing determining whether a teacher is effective, why not trust the natural teaching-learning process? Principals know. Teachers know. Parents know. Students know.

In human terms, the most effective teachers may/not be the award winners, but like physicians, they do no harm—and, hopefully, even do considerable good!

Have you ever been unjustly hurt in a work situation by a supervisor or colleague, who was paradoxically lauded for excellence? How did the real or perceived injustice make you feel? In what way(s) were you hurt?

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testing tunnel vision

Surprised to see the head high school guidance counselor walk into my classroom on a particular February morning, I was immediately puffed up when he explained the reason for his arrival, delivering, in hushed tones, a confidential message.

A young man who had not attended school for a year and one-half was being released from an adolescent drug and alcohol rehab facility and the counselor felt that mine would be the “most nurturing” environment to reintegrate him to the school environment.

Humbled and affirmed to be recognized as a nurturing teacher, and feeling privileged for having been chosen and entrusted with such a very special student, my mind raced, imagining all the ways I could help make him feel welcome and motivated–not just to learn social studies, but to stay drug free.

I couldn’t have been more elated! Imagine! I had just completed my psychology certification and was feeling drawn to become an alcohol abuse counselor, a desire I had shared with one of the other school counselors.

Now, unexpectedly, I was going to have the privilege of working with a student who was the kind of adolescent I was feeling particularly called to serve. I could not have felt more specially blessed.

Then, within moments, my puffed-up humbled elation turned to fear and resentment.

What a fool I had been. “Most nurturing” environment. Hogwash. I was the “newbie.” Nontenured. I was sure no one else in the department wanted the student assigned to their class. Of course not. The student hadn’t been in school for one and one-half years; the school year was more than half way through, and my mind flashed back to my job interview and forward to the end-of-year achievement test.

The department chair had shared with me at my job interview that the district had just instituted departmental testing programs. The end-of-year content test was written by him and none of the teachers were privy to the questions. I needed to take the achievement test seriously, he counseled and explained, because poor student performance would result in the district withholding any pay increase and my being put on probation—as had happened to one of the (nameless) department members.

When school started, I learned more from my new colleagues, including the previously nameless teacher. Turns out one student of her students scored a 33 on the end-of-year test, and that score, as one of those simply averaged–arithmetical mean scores, earned her probation and no pay increase…and a great deal of anxiety, to put it mildly. Her fright was readily palpable.

With that retrospect in mind, faced with the specter of having a student who hadn’t been in school—to say nothing of not having been in my class for half the year—determining my teaching fate made him the “enemy” of sorts—a threat to my entire career—if he did poorly on the test. I had just returned to the classroom following a long “raising our children” hiatus, and the thought of losing my job–maybe for good– was beyond frightening.

Empathy for the needy student became antipathy for him. Thanks to “high stakes testing,” frankly, sadly, embarrassingly, I simply did not want him in my classroom.

Okay. Maybe others would have remained altruistic. But I suspect that what I felt is not that uncommon. Evaluate teachers on test scores, and I think that teachers no longer can afford to focus on the whole student—on the student’s total development and needs. No. Teachers need to have “testing tunnel vision,” with their focus on–not their students, but on themselves in relation to the test. They need to make sure students achieve on the tests.  Period. Despite any circumstances. At any cost. Teaching becomes for the test, about the test. Repeated poor student results, and whatever good a teacher might have done for the rest of a career–gone; ended.

Next post, I’ll continue this line of thought, with an experience I had as a mother in this regard.  Meanwhile, years later, it did my heart good to see on the district website that the “nameless teacher” had become the department chair! Apparently, reason prevailed; student test scores did not end her career.  Apparently someone realized: student test scores DO NOT tell the whole story about a teacher’s effectiveness!

Did you ever feel threatened in your life’s work by counterproductive evaluation criteria–by “test measurements” that handcuffed you from performing as well as you might have–as well as you wanted?

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tests and measurements–what’s valid?

No apologies. Certified psychology teacher that I am, this post, nevertheless, does not pretend to use “invalid” in its psychometric sense. No concern here with validity or reliability of test measurements, either.

No. This post makes an argument about the invalidity, as in inappropriateness, of student- test-score-driven teacher evaluations. That argument is based on continued reflection, begun last post, of Henry Adams’ quote: A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.

And this “affecting eternity” and the concomitant “never knowing the effect,” it seems to me, reveal the flaw in the current teacher evaluation systems based heavily on student achievement demonstrated in test scores.

The most lasting, and I daresay most important, impacts of teaching–the effects that affect eternity–are not always recognizable to the recipients without the passage of time. Not that the recipients want to be blind or feign being blind to the contributions made by a particular teacher, but just that what has changed them in their core—opened them up to reach higher goals, to believe more in themselves, to take chances on themselves, the attitudes that affect learning, need time to manifest themselves if they are to be deeply ingrained and permanent.

The efficaciousness and effectiveness of teaching machines, robots, digital programmed learning—those inhuman instructional delivery systems—rightly can (only) be appraised on student test scores.

Teachers, on the other hand, who impact students as total human beings, with emotional, social, psychological, moral needs, not just minds to be filled with information—cannot and should not be judged as if they were inhuman dispensers of information—mere teaching machines.

What has struck me over the years whenever I have read student testimonials about their teachers is what students self-report that has stood out for them.

Never do I read that “You helped me raise my math scores by X number of points.” Or, “Now I’m in X percentile. Thank you.”

No. It’s something deeper that teachers touch. What I read are comments like “You inspired me to like [fill in the subject].” Or, “I never thought I could do [fill in the activity].”

A teacher affects eternity. And things that affect eternity are lofty enough that they need to be treated reverently and respectfully, with wisdom and patience. Teachers plant and water seeds; some seeds are planted on soil that is not as ready to receive. Some seeds take longer to grow.

And if it is true that no teacher can say for sure whether s/he has been effective or ineffective in making an eternal difference in a child’s life…If only the child, perhaps, once fully grown, in retrospect, knows to what extent or whether or not… Then, how can the child’s test scores, which present a still-frame snapshot on a given day–presume to reflect the teacher’s effectiveness with regard to that child on a fully human basis?

Next post, I will share an experience that I hope will shed light on how teacher evaluations based on student test scores make it harder for teachers to reach for the higher goal:

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.

Think of the teachers in your life. What lasting impacts have they had to help shape your beliefs, attitudes, confidences; to hone your thinking and creative abilities,—not just your knowledge of facts and figures—no matter how rudimentary or advanced? What did they do beyond what any inanimate teaching machine could do?

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…”can never tell”…

A teacher affects eternity; he can never tell where his influence stops.

From the first moments of my teaching career, I was challenged and affirmed by those words of Henry Adams’ spoken to me by my undergraduate methods professor in such a way that they struck me as a statement of the call to teach as a kind of noblesse oblige.

During my years of active teaching service, when I was “doing,” I admit focusing on the first grandiose idea: A teacher affects eternity. Those words filled me with endless expectancies. Unlimited possibilities.

Now that my retirement is imminent, as I reflect on the teacher I have been, I admit that the second half of the quote (he can never tell where his influence stops), particularly the phrase “can never tell” resonates more with me. And does so in an almost haunting way. And I find myself substituting “will never know” for “can never tell.” And that substitution leaves me feeling unfulfilled–empty.

Unless someone tells me, identifies for me in no uncertain terms how my teaching has affected him or her, I can only surmise or suppose—maybe inaccurately—about the effect I have had.

So, here I am resigned to knowing that in this life, I might never get the reward or satisfaction of knowing for sure what kinds of—if any—differences I have made.

But then, maybe it takes being in eternity to know eternal things.

That’s a nice thing to look forward to, don’t you think?

What is true for teachers, I believe, is true for all of us. Do you know how your work has affected eternity? Can you tell? Can you say?

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generativity self-check à la Erikson

In pursuit of psychology teaching certification, I was introduced to the idea of “generativity” from reading the work of noted psychologist Erik Erikson, whose generativity stage is contained within his theory of psychosocial development.

According to Erikson, one way of appraising one’s work life is through the eyes of “generativity,” asking oneself what one has passed along to future generations.

Retirement has given me pause for a generativity self-check.

With thanks to Erikson, then, I use his term for a backwards glance I have at retirement age: did I pass my knowledge, my insights, etc.: my “teaching craft” along to the next generation(s)—whether they become teachers or not?

Have I piqued students’ curiosity to learn?

At the “end” of the generativity self-exam, what I know for sure is that I do not know for sure, as subsequent posts will explore.

I can hope. I can assume. I can trust…that like the supervisor-mentor (previously posted about) who taught me to compliment, some of the good I have done will not be interned with my bones, either.

What does your generativity self-check reveal to you?

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identity thieves

Not to minimize the economic and social havoc that today’s headliner “identity thieves” create in their victim’s lives; nevertheless, there is a whole other breed of identity thieves, around for centuries, I suppose, whose work often goes unspoken about—except, perhaps, to counselors, clergy, or other trusted listeners….

Unlike my dying supervisor-mentor, described in the previous post, who used honesty by way of compliments to build people up, there are those who use cruel words camouflaged as “honesty” to tear others down, so as to build themselves up.

These narcissistic individuals, it seems to me, are a breed of identity thieves who prey on others’ insecurities to rob their victims of belief in themselves—their gifts, their talents, their abilities.

As a teacher, I was attuned to recognizing students’ identity crises and bringing my concerns to their guidance counselors. After that point, I would not be privy to the knowledge of the particulars, of how the children’s psyches were damaged.

Of course, children, who are the most vulnerable, aren’t the only victims of this kind of identity theft.

Even adults can be victimized by other adults, by persuasive narcissistic “put-down masters” who corrupt others’ self-concepts.

Verbal abuse. Emotional abuse. The perpetrators are identity thieves of the most potentially deadly kind—they steal healthy, positive, images of oneself.

Retirement can be a vulnerable time. Is there someone who chips away at your confidence, not with healthy realistic questioning, but with unhealthy, negative nay-saying?

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give-and-take compliments

It’s one thing to think complimentary thoughts about someone; it’s quite another thing to verbalize the compliment to that person.

I hadn’t really considered the difficulty inherent in verbalizing compliments—maybe because I didn’t give many?—until a reading supervisor raised my consciousness.

“I’m dying of cancer,” she told me during our first meeting after I was hired. “Because I haven’t got long to live, I’m going to tell you something.”

And then she proceeded to say some very complimentary things that she wanted me to know about myself, things I hardly heard, fixated as I was on the matter-of-fact announcement she had made of her dying.

Sensing—and seeing, I’m sure, my upsetment at her news, she proceeded to tell me that her “dying time” had been a gift that she wanted to share. It had opened her up to being more honest, especially in giving compliments.

In the few short weeks she had been in my life before she died, her teaching on giving compliments was one I tried to pass along to others, so much had her compliments bolstered my confidence.

Unfortunately—and understandably so, given the society we live in—compliments given to adults, and particularly to strangers, can be met with strong resistance.

False humility, skepticism, suspicion—so many reasons, I suspect, explain why so many folks cannot accept a compliment.

“What do you want from me?” an assistant once sharply demanded in response to a compliment I gave her.

To her, as well as to everyone else who has been reluctant to accept a compliment, I retell the story of my supervisor, explaining that what she gave me, I want to give them: the strength to accept and to give compliments.

May my supervisor rest in peace. As some funeral sentiments say…cancer cannot kill love. She is one supervisor who truly was a mentor; she is one supervisor I truly have admired and loved.

Every time I offer a compliment with her in mind, and the recipient is humble and trusting enough to receive it, we contradict the norm as Shakespeare observed, ensuring, instead, that the good she did was not interred with her bones.

In your retirement, was there a compliment that was easy or difficult to give or to receive?

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thanks for understanding

One of the interesting dynamics of being an elementary school librarian is the number of daily thank you’s received from students, with this clarification.

Invariably at the end of each library session, as part of the lining-up departure protocol, classroom teachers thoughtfully orchestrated an on-cue, in unison, “thank you” from all their students.

With hundreds of thank you’s received each week, times the number of school weeks, times the number of years served, the number of thank you’s I received easily equal more than one hundred thousand.

And each group of thank you’s, no matter how forced and rote, always brought a grateful smile to accompany my response, “You are very welcome.”

There was one spontaneous, solitary thank you, offered by a precocious history-loving second grader, that permanently touched my heart.

“You really ‘get’ me…Thank you,” the student said, when I handed him a book I “knew” he would like.

In the hectic pace of book checkout, I might not have fully appreciated that statement, but, fortunately, months before, when the child’s mother had stopped by the library to borrow some books, she said something that stopped me.

“My son really appreciates you,” she said. “He loves coming to the library. He says you really understand him and what he likes to read.”

“Thank you,” I said. And I really meant it then…and I mean it even more now.

Thank you for letting me know. Thank you for validating what I tried to do for all the students. Thank you for giving me the retirement gift of knowing that for at least one child, what I did mattered.

And as I wish the new media specialist every blessing, I especially hope that he or she will communicate to that grateful student, going into fourth grade, that he still is understood, and in return, that he or she receives the gift of being understood, too.

There is no gift we want more, no matter what our age, I think, than the gift of being understood.

In light of your retirement, has someone really understood and appreciated who you are and what you have done? I hope so!

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congratulations…for what?

Them: “Congratulations!”

Me: …knee jerk: “Thank you!”

As you might imagine, I’ve heard my fair share of “Congratulations!” since I shared my retirement decision on June 30th.

Now, three weeks later, the more resigned, comfortable, and grateful I continue to be, the more genuinely appreciative I am receiving the “C” word.

Congratulations really do seem in order for the privilege of entering into retirement.

…Not always so.

In the minutes, hours, and first number of days after the ‘big reveal,” I responded, as graciously as I could muster, “Thank you.”

Although my brain, as well as my heart, knew I needed to retire, both still had some ambivalence about whether retirement was going to be a good thing or not.

Within the context of that mind-and-heart-set, I met their “congratulations” with my cynical and ungracious response, “for what?” (thankfully without my well-wishers hearing what I was saying to myself).

What have I done that deserves congratulations?

For what are they congratulating me, I wondered…

…For being old enough; for living long enough to retire?

..For being incapable of keeping up any longer with the rigors of work?

…For committing myself to an unknown economic future on a fixed income?

Now, as I’m “settling in,” to the reality of being retired, I’m grateful for every word of “Congratulations” I have received.

I am especially grateful to a retired colleague who followed her all-caps “CONGRATULATIONS!” message with the words that made me rethink, humbly and gratefully, about the real justification for the “C” word:

“Retirement is a blessing.”

Congratulations! seems like an entirely appropriate word to acknowledge a blessing!

No matter what happens, each day I try to recognize and immerse myself in that blessing.

In what way did the word “congratulations” connect with your retirement announcement?

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role reversal

As unimaginably sad as it is when a teacher loses a current or former students, so unimaginably joyful it is for a teacher to encounter a former student who validates time spent in the classroom.

I had that unexpected joy a number of months ago in—the dentist’s office, at the hands of the hygienist, who recognized and complimented me as a former teacher.

The gift in that encounter reminded me of the importance of treating each student, no matter what his or her age, with great respect, selfishly, if not unselfishly, with a practical eye toward the future.

Whereas the teacher is in the authority position in the classroom, the student might very well have the “upper hand,” so to speak, in a future relationship.

That kind of relationship is what struck me years ago when I attended a Pulitzer-awarding winning play—W;t—written by a teacher, in which a dying college professor encounters a former student, now her oncologist.

As sorry as a I was for the main character for any number of reasons, (not including that she did not get to retire, since retirement was not on my radar screen), the idea of the teacher being humiliated by her former student was a good reminder of why it is important to treat students with utmost respect, not to say that the professor didn’t, or that even if she had, it would have made a difference.

You never know which student will grow up to be your doctor, auto mechanic, police officer, or opposing counsel.

In my case, with all that dental apparatus at her disposal, I surely was glad that my hygienist did not hold a real or imagined grudge against me, and on one level, I really did feel humbled by a former student cleaning my teeth.

The gig will be up in the next two weeks. I have not done my flossing homework assignment as I promised I would. And like my former students, I will reap the just rewards for my choices.

Former students are like that—they can show up any place, any time, in any role.

Have you experienced former students serving you during your retirement?

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